Sanitizer residues in the milk of cows which had passed through footbaths / Resíduos de sanitizantes em vacas de leite após passagem por pedilúvio

Copper sulfate and sodium hypochlorite are used in footbath solutions for the prevention and treatment of bovine digital diseases; however, data on the residues of such elements in milk are sparse in Brazil. This study evaluated the cost of applying the footbath treatment and the total amount of copper and chlorite residues in the milk of healthy cows after they had passed through these footbath solutions. Two groups of 7 cows each (GI and GII) were studied. In the case of GI, 1% sodium hypochlorite was used and for GII 5% copper sulfate was employed in the footbath. The milk samples were collected before the 7-day footbath treatment period (M0) and 24 h (M1), 48 h (M2), 72 h (M3) and 15 days (M15) after the last footbath. Statistical analysis to compare the different samples within each group was carried out by applying Friedman's test, followed by Dunn's test (p<0.05). It was concluded that the amount of total chlorites and copper in the milk of healthy cattle after routine daily footbaths for a period of 7 days presented some variations. However, the concentrations observed were considered insufficient to represent a risk to human health. The cost of the footbath solutions was found to be reasonable.

O sulfato de cobre e o hipoclorito de sódio são empregados na prevenção e tratamento das enfermidades digitais dos bovinos, mas os valores residuais desses elementos foram pouco estudados. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a presença de resíduos de cobre e cloretos totais no leite de vacas saudáveis após passagens dos animais em pedilúvio contendo soluções formuladas com estas substâncias e estimou-se os custos das soluções. Utilizou-se 14 vacas saudáveis distribuídas em dois grupos (GI e GII) de sete animais cada. Em GI, empregou-se solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 1% e, em GII, sulfato de cobre a 5%. As amostras de leite foram colhidas antes da passagem pelo pedilúvio (M0), após 24 (M1), 48 (M2) e 72 (M3) horas, além de 15 dias (M15) subsequentes à última passagem. Na análise estatística, a comparação entre momentos dentro de cada grupo foi realizada com teste de Friedman, seguido pelo teste de Dunn's (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que os valores de cloretos totais e de cobre no leite de bovinos saudáveis, após passagens diárias dos animais em pedilúvio por um período de sete dias, apresentaram algumas variações consideradas insuficientes para provocarem danos à saúde humana e as soluções medicamentosas não apresentaram custos exorbitantes.

La intoxicación con cobre disminuye la sobrevida e induce alteraciones neurológicas en Drosophila melanogaster / Copper intoxication decreases lifespan and induces neurologic alterations in Drosophila melanogaster

La enfermedad de Wilson, es un trastorno hereditario autosómico recesivo causado por mutaciones del gen de la trifosfatasa de adenosina (ATP7B). Dicha mutación ocasiona intoxicación con cobre, generando manifestaciones clínicas por los efectos tóxicos del metal, principalmente a nivel del hígado y el encéfalo. Recientemente se han desarrollado modelos genéticos de la enfermedad para su estudio clínico. Sin embargo, la utilidad de los mismos es limitada por el hecho de que en tales modelos no se observan manifestaciones neurológicas. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar un modelo de la enfermedad de Wilson en Drosophila melanogaster. Inicialmente se evaluó el efecto de la suplementación con concentraciones de 31 µM y 47 µM de cobre en la sobrevida. Posteriormente se realizaron estudios de conducta para determinar si existían alteraciones en el desempeño motor asociadas al tratamiento con la dosis de 47 µM de cobre. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que el tratamiento con cobre disminuye la viabilidad de la Drosophila. La disminución de la sobrevida estuvo asociada a un aumento y una disminución de los registros de actividad motora en las etapas tempranas y tardías de la intoxicación respectivamente. Por último, se evaluó el papel del sistema de neurotransmisión dopaminérgico sobre las alteraciones conductuales inducidas por el cobre. El tratamiento con el precursor de la dopamina, L-dopa, indujo un aumento de la actividad motora similar al inducido por el cobre. Por el contrario, el tratamiento con Flufenazina, un antagonista de los receptores dopaminérgicos D2, fue capaz de impedir las alteraciones conductuales en todas las edades evaluadas. Estos resultados sugieren que la Drosophila melanogaster podría ser empleada como modelo para el estudio de posibles intervenciones con potencial terapéutico en la enfermedad de Wilson.

Wilson disease is a hereditary disorder caused by mutations of the ATP7B gene, which leads to intoxication with copper as a result of an unbalance of copper homeostasis. The clinical manifestations resulting from this intoxication are related to the affectation of liver and the encephalon in most cases. Several animal models are currently available for the study of the malady. However, in such models no neurological symptoms are observed, which limits their use for the study of pathogenic effects of this disease on the central nervous system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if copper feeding could induce a disease state in Drosophila melanogaster to model Wilson disease. The effect of the feeding of copper at the doses of 31 µM and 47 µM on the survival was initially evaluated. Next, behavioral experiments were conducted to determine whether the motor performance was altered by the 47 µM concentration. The results suggest that copper treatment decreases the viability of the flies. In addition, the decrease of viability was associated to an increase and decrease of spontaneous motor activity at early and late stages of the intoxication, respectively. Finally, the role of the dopaminergic neurotransmission system on the observed motor alterations was evaluated. The dopamine precursor L-dopa increased motor activity. In contrast, D2 receptor antagonist, Fluphenazine, was able to block both the increase and decrease of motor activity scores induced by copper. These results suggest that Drosophila melanogaster could be used as a model organism for the study of possible interventions with potential neuroprotective effects in Wilson disease.

Sublethal concentrations of waterborne copper induce cellular stress and cell death in zebrafish embryos and larvae

Copper is an essential ion that forms part of the active sites of many proteins. At the same time, an excess of this metal produces free radicals that are toxic for cells and organisms. Fish have been used extensively to study the effects of metals, including copper, present in food or the environment. It has been shown that different metals induce different adaptive responses in adult fish. However, until now, scant information has been available about the responses that are induced by waterborne copper during early life stages of fish. Here, acute toxicity tests and LC50 curves have been generated for zebrafish larvae exposed to dissolved copper sulphate at different concentrations and for different treatment times. We determined that the larvae incorporate and accumulate copper present in the medium in a concentration-dependent manner, resulting in changes in gene expression. Using a transgenic fish line that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the hsp70 promoter, we monitored tissue-specific stress responses to waterborne copper by following expression of the reporter. Furthermore, TUNEL assays revealed which tissues are more susceptible to cell death after exposure to copper. Our results establish a framework for the analysis of whole-organism management of excess external copper in developing aquatic animals.

[Histopathological effects of copper sulphate chronic doses on common carp [Cyprinus carpio]]

Copper sulfate is one of the most important pollutant in aquaculture systems. The aim of the present study was of the histopathological changes of some organs of common carp. copper sulphate can be considered as a toxic agent for fish.The effect of copper sulphate at 0.01 mg/L as a constant bath was studied on Common carp [Cyprinus carpio] weighing about 100g. at 19 +/- 1°C for one month. Tissue samples of liver, gill, gonads and skin were obtained, fixed in 10% formalin, processed using routine histotechnique method and the 5 micron sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Focal necrosis, vacuolation, picnosis, karyorrhexis of neuclear hepatocytes, infiltration of lymphocytes into connective tissue of liver and hyperemia were observed in liver samples. In the gonads tissue, inflam matory cells infiltrations and hemosiderin pigment were observed. There were, edema, hyperplasia, fusion of branchial cells, increased number of moucus and chloride cells observable in the gill sections. The main renal lesions were necrosis in proximal ducts. Accordingly, we can conclude that some tissue lesions occure in different organs of common carp after chronic exposure to copper sulfate [0.0 1 mg/L.]

Acute renal failure due to copper sulfate poisoning; a case report

Copper sulfate is a blue and odorless salt with various industrial, chemical, agricultural and medicinal applications. Copper sulfate poisoning is rare in children. A 23-month old boy accidentally ingested a solution of copper sulfate, used as a disinfectant agent in animal husbandry. He was referred to Children's Hospital of Tabriz because of frequent vomiting and lethargy. The major systemic complications were intravascular hemolysis, anemia and acute renal failure. The patient was successfully treated with multiple packed cell transfusions, dimercaprol, penicillamine and peritoneal dialysis. Plasma copper level 15 days after ingestion was 216 micro g/dl. Copper sulfate is a highly toxic agent that, when ingested, can cause local and systemic damage including coma, shock, severe intravascular hemolysis, hepatotoxicity and acute renal failure with high mortality

Histoenzymological study on the toxicity of copper sulphate in the digestive glands of Lymnaea luteola.

During 24 and 48 hr of exposure, the digestive glands of Lymnaea treated with a lethal concentration of 0.038 mgl(-1) CuSO4 revealed intense activity of acid phosphatase in perilobular margin. On the other hand, same area of the gland showed moderate activity of ATPase during 24 and 48 hr of exposure. However, alkaline phosphatase showed average activity in perialveolar region and perilobular margin during 24 and 48, and 72 hr of exposure respectively The changes in the activity of these enzymes were nonsignificant in alveolar margin and perialveolar region of the gland. It is interesting to note moderate activity of acid phosphatase in perialveolar region during 24 hr of exposure.

Impact of copper on haematological profile of freshwater fish, Channa punctatus.

The present study was to evaluate heavy metal toxicity stress symptoms in fish blood during long-term exposure of sublethal concentration of copper sulphate (CuSO4). The effects of copper on various heamatological parameters were evaluated exposing Indian fresh water fish, Channa punctatus to a sub-lethal concentration of copper sulphate (0.36 mg l(-1)) for different periods. Exposure of fish to copper showed a significant decrease in the haemoglobin (Hb) content from 10.73 to 6.60%, red blood cells (RBC) from 2.86 to 1.84 x 10(6)/mm3 and packed cell volume (PCV) from 31.00 to 23.33% at the end of 45th day as compared to control. Whereas the white blood cells (WBC) increased from 60.00 to 92.48 x10(3)/mm3, clotting time (CT) from 27.66 to 43.00 second, erythrocyte sedimentation rate from 5.0 to 13.66 mm/hr and mean corpuscular volume from 108.11 to 126.85 cmu, significantly, with increase in exposure periods. Although mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) values showed significant increase during 15 and 30 days exposures, both the values were found significantly increased at the end of the experimental period. The differential leucocytes count (DLC) showed a significant increase in the populations of lymphocytes and eosinophils, whereas neutrophils, monocytes and basophiles were found decreased after exposure to copper.

Correlation between ovicidal effectiveness and egg-membrane penetration determined by chromatography in two modes of biomphalaria Alexandrina eggs exposure to certain plant and chemical molluscicides

The weak ovicidal effect of the plants having molluscicidal activity is a criterion against their field application in controlling the medically important snails. Chemical molluscicides are potent against snails and their eggs. This work is a trail to use bayluscide and CuSO4 [chemical molluscicides] in sub lethal concentrations to improve the ovicidal effect of Anagallis arvensis and Calendula micrantha plants against the eggs of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails through two modes of eggs exposure. The first was the pre-exposure of snail's eggs to sub lethal concentrations of chemical molluscicides followed by plant exposure and this improve the effect of plants against the snail's eggs with a synergistic ratio ranged from 1.5 to 4.49. While the second mode of exposure is to evaluate the toxicity of mixtures of chemical molluscicides and plants against snail's eggs. It was noticed that this moda resulted in 100% mortality when eggs exposed to mixture of LC15 of C. micrantha or LC25 of A. arvensis with sublethal concentrations of the molluscicides bayluscide or copper sulphate. TLC reveals that the number of the penetrated plant compounds increased in all copper sulphate treatments and in pre-exposure of C. micrantha by bayluscide while the same number of plant compounds were penetrated in the rest of bayluscide treatments as in the cese of the plant alone. So, the increase in plant potency was through chemicals that affect the eggs' membrane to be permeable for more active ingredients [more in number or concentration or both of them] of the tested plants to become in contact with the target embryos

Histopathological changes in liver and gill epithelium of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, exposed to waterborne copper

Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, of both sexes were reared in freshwater and exposed to 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5mg L-1 of waterborne copper for a period of 21 days. Liver and gill samples were collected after 21 days of exposure to copper and lesions were analyzed by light microscopy. The main histopathological changes observed in gills exposed to the highest concentration were edema, lifting of lamellar epithelia and an intense vasodilatation of the lamellar vascular axis. Although less frequent, lamellar fusion caused by the filamentar epithelium proliferation and some lamellar aneurisms were also found. The liver of control group exhibited a quite normal architecture, while the fish exposed to copper showed vacuolation and necrosis. These hepatic alterations were more evident in fish exposed to 1.0 and 2.5mg L-1 copper concentrations. The number of hepatocytes nucleus per mm² of hepatic tissue decreased with the increase of copper concentration. In contrast, the hepatic somatic index was high in fish exposed at 2.5mg L-1 of copper. In short, this work advance new knowledge as influence of copper in the gill and liver histology of O. niloticus and demonstrated that their effects could be observed at different concentrations.

Tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus, de ambos os sexos foram mantidas em água doce e expostas a concentrações de 0.5, 1.0 e 2.5mg L-1 de sulfato de cobre durante um período de 21 dias. Amostras de fígado e de brânquia foram coletadas após o tempo de exposição e as lesões foram analisadas por microscopia óptica. As principais alterações histopatológicas observadas nas brânquias foram edema, "lifting" do epitélio lamelar e uma intensa vasodilatação do eixo lamelar. Embora menos freqüentes, a fusão lamelar causada pela proliferação do epitélio filamentar e alguns aneurismas lamelares também foram observadas. O fígado do grupo controle exibiu uma arquitetura normal, enquanto os dos peixes expostos ao cobre apresentaram vacuolização e necrose. Estas lesões hepáticas foram mais evidentes nos peixes expostos a concentrações de cobre de 1.0 e 2.5mg L-1. O número dos núcleos dos hepatócitos / mm² de tecido hepático decresceu com o aumento da concentração de cobre. Em contraste, o índice hepatossomático foi mais elevado nos peixes expostos a 2.5mg L-1 de cobre. Em resumo, este trabalho acrescenta nova informação sobre a influência do cobre ao nível da histologia da brânquia e do fígado de O. niloticus e demonstra que os seus efeitos podem ser observados em diferentes concentrações.

Acute toxicity of copper sulphate to fresh water prawns.

Fresh water prawns, Macrobrachium lamarrei and Macrobrachium dayanum (Crustacea-Decapoda) were subjected to static bioassay tests to ascertain the LC50 values of copper sulphate. The 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr LC50 values of copper sulphate for M. lamarrei were 0.38, 0.361, 0.343 and 0.300 mg/l and for M. dayanum were 1.634, 0.988, 0.532 and 0.418 mg/l respectively. Behavioral responses and LC50 values indicate that M. lamarrei were more sensitive to copper sulphate than M. dayanum.

Copper sulphate (CuSO4) toxicity on tissue phosphatases activity and carbohydrates turnover in Achatina fulica.

A time course study on the sublethal toxicity of CuSO4 on tissue carbohydrate metabolites level and their phosphatases activity in Achatina fulica revealed differential response. The levels of total carbohydrates and glycogen in the body mass muscle, foot muscle and hemolymph revealed their involvement in the endogenous derivation of energy during stress. The same metabolites in digestive gland revealed its importance to reproduction and development. The lactate accumulated in all the tissues implied the mechanism of CuSO4 toxicosis in the metabolic acidosis. The decrease of pyruvate in foot muscle, body mass muscle and hemolymph inferred the preponderance of glycolysis in energy derivation. In contrast, the pyruvate concentration in digestive gland revealed its differential response in the stress metabolic sequence of changes, as a unique tissue. The lactate/pyruvate ratio and the calcium content in tissues constitute direct evidences for the snails adaptation to toxic stress.

Reaçöes aos metais utilizados em ortodontia / Hypersensibility to orthodontic metals appliance

Estudo clínico e experimental da incidência de hipersensibilidade a metais dos aparelhos ortodônticos e das consequências morfológicas da absorçäo do níquel. Realizaram-se testes de contato, antes e dois meses após a colocaçäo de aparelhos, em 38 pacientes, utilizando-se como antígenos o cloreto e cobalto, sulfato de cobre, bicromato de potássio, sulfato de ferro, cloreto de manganês, sal de molibdênio, sulfato de níquel e óxido de titânio. Concluiu-se que: manganês, cromo e níquel apresentaram positividade, estatisticamente significativa, com prevalência de 21,1 por cento para os dois últimos matais. Näo houve diferença estatisticamente significativa no resultado do teste de contato em relaçäo ao sexo e ao aparelho (antes ou depois). Avaliou-se, através de espectroscopia de absorçäo atômica, a quantidade de níquel na urina de 21 pacientes, nestes dois momentos, constatando-se aumento da mesma após a montagem do aparelho, näo havendo diferença estatística entre os sexos. A avaliaçäo experimental foi realizada em 26 camundongos (Swiss webster), divididos em dois grupos controle (C14 e C45) e dois grupos níquel (N14 e N15), que receberam aplicaçäo subcutânea de sulfato de níquel, sendo sacrificados após 15 e 46 dias. Constatou-se, no grupo experimental, aumento de peso total e de alguns órgäos, lesäo microscópica em órgäos hematopoiéticos, coraçäo, fígado e rins, mais evidente em N45. Nefrotoxicidade foi evidenciada por modificaçäo no padräo de ligaçäo às lectinas. No fígado, a análise estereológica demonstrou aumento do volume dos hepatócitos e de seus núcleos. Näo se dectou quantidades mensuráveis de níquel ao micrscópio eletrônico de varredura com raios X por energia dispersa (EDS)